By Arthur A. Blanchard, Joseph W. Phelan
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Extra info for Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry. A Course of Laboratory And Classroom Study For First Year College Students
Example text
Molecules as small as sugars have been studied by this technique. Polydispersity introduces complications and is reflected by a drift of M with x. Conversely, consistency of M with x is an indication of sample homogeneity with respect to M. The disadvantage of the sedimentation equilibrium technique is that the establishment of equilibrium may take as long as several days, which not only is inconvenient generally, but also accentuates the importance of avoiding convectional disturbances. From a theoretical analysis of the intermediate stages during which the solute is being redistributed, Archibald136 has developed a technique which involves measurements at intervals during the early stages of the sedimentation equilibrium experiment and so does not entail a long wait for equilibrium to be established.
Measurement of diffusion coefficients27 Free boundary methods To study free diffusion, a sharp boundary must first be formed between the solution and the solvent (or solution of lower concentration) in a suitable diffusion cell. 3. The boundary can be displaced away from the groundglass flanges to facilitate optical observation, and can be sharpened even further by gently sucking away any mixed layers with an extremely fine capillary tube inserted from above. 4. To ensure that the broadening of the boundary is due to diffusion only, very accurate temperature control (to avoid convection currents) and freedom from mechanical vibration must be maintained.
The magnitude of the birefringence is related in an elaborate theory to the rotational diffusion coefficient, and, hence, to the molecular or particle dimensions. g. iron(III) hydroxide sol) birefringence can be produced by the aligning action of electrical or magnetic fields. Dielectric dispersion When a solution containing dipolar molecules is placed between electrodes and subjected to an alternating current, the molecules tend to rotate in phase with the current, thus increasing the dielectric constant of the solution.