By David Sanford
During this informative account, David Sanford strains the background of theories of conditional sentences from the Stoics to the current and units out a brand new concept of his personal. This ebook could be of curiosity to academics and scholars of philosophical common sense.
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Additional resources for If P, Then Q: Conditionals and the Foundations of Reasoning
Example text
For Boethius, different kinds of conditionals display different kinds of following from or consequentia. For Abelard, the conditionals themselves are consequentiae. And, in the theories of consequentiae advanced in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the term becomes more general. l The Stoics, distinguishing clearly between arguments and conditional statements, could advance theses of the form: 30 Medieval and Post-medieval History An argument is ... if and only if the corresponding conditional is ....
This view still does not require that there be some genuine connection between the states of affairs mentioned by the ifclause and main clause. 'If most Americans have seen television, then some great Irish writers have lived in exile' is presumably counted as true because there is no time when the if-clause is true and the main clause false. Some great Irish writers lived in exile before television became common in America. It is not obvious how to apply the Diodorean interpretation to conditionals having components such as 'Dogs never climb trees', 'I am conversing at noon on 4 July 1984', and 'From time to time in the summer, one can see northern lights (the aurora borealis) in the northern United States' that do not admit additional temporal qualification.
In one of these cases the proposition is true for all the truth-possibilities of the elementary propositions. We say that the truth-conditions are tautological. In the second case the proposition is false for all the truthpossibilities: the truth-conditions are contradictory. 56 Rediscovery of the Material Conditional In the first case we call the proposition a tautology; in the second, a contradiction. 463 The truth-conditions of a proposition determine the range that it leaves open to the facts.