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Extra info for Understanding symbolic logic
Sample text
8 It’s not entirely clear what this principle amounts to, but Frege seems to want to insist on this: (CP) There is no more to the meaning of a word than its contribution to the meaning of sentences in which it may occur. Why should we accept (CP)? Frege’s principal reason was that unless we insist on (CP), we’ll be driven to think that words mean Ideas. Here’s the 6 This kind of reasoning can be found in ‘U¨ber Sinn und Bedeutung’; see. , pp. 28 and 31–2. 7 G. Frege, The Foundations of Arithmetic, trans.
Frege on Sense and reference falsity. Frege, in effect, turned truth and falsity into things and named them the True and the False. The True and the False are the values of the functions referred to by predicates, so they’re known as truth-values. These two truth-values are the referents of sentences, on Frege’s theory. Once again, this move seems in danger of collapsing the difference between singular terms and sentences, and so of losing much of the point of the Context Principle. Apart from the oddity of treating the True and the False as things, there’s a question about why truth and falsity should really be what matters about the meaning of sentences.
Frege on Sense and reference that the two heavenly bodies are one and the same. The following sentence involving an indirect context is true: (6) Carol thinks that the evening star appears in the evening. 28 And it seems as if the phrase ‘the evening star’ is part of that contained sentence, and hence also part of the whole sentence (6). Moreover it is also true that the morning star is the same thing as the evening star; so the phrases ‘the morning star’ and ‘the evening star’, which are regarded by Frege as singular terms, refer to the same thing (the planet Venus).