By Anthony Jr. Provenzano

The Biology of Crustacea

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Virions b u d through m e m b r a n e s into intracytoplasmic vesicles, a n d are released from vesicles to the extracellular space. , 1 9 7 5 ) . Virus w a s f o u n d by electron m i c r o s c o p y in " c a r d i a c t i s s u e " and e n d o thelial cells of b l o o d vessels associated with the hepatopancreas (Bonami et a/ v 1 9 7 1 , 1 9 7 5 ) . O b v i o u s signs of infection are lacking; the crab merely b e c o m e s progressively weaker a n d finally dies. T h e disease c a n be reproduced in healthy crabs by inoculation of h e m o l y m p h or tissue from infected crabs, as well as by inoculation of purified virus.

Earlier, it w a s a s s u m e d that bacteria entered o n l y through breaks in the epicuticle (Rosen, 1 9 7 0 ) , but Baross etal. (1978) a n d M a l l o y (1978) suggest that the simultaneous occurrence of small, separate lesions not c o n n e c t e d with visible injury indicates that other m e c h a nisms must also be operating. Baross et al. believe that s l o w microbial degradation of the epicuticle takes place, a l l o w i n g entrance of chitinoclastic forms. Cipriani et al. (1980) present data suggesting that o n l y lipolytic b a c teria c a n initiate lesions.

1 9 8 1 ) . Pseudomonas species predominated in the infections of freshwater crayfish studied by M c K a y a n d Jenkin (1969) a n d Boemare a n d V e y (1977). L u m i n o u s marine bacteria also cause infections in crustaceans (Giard a n d Billet, 1 8 8 9 ; I n m a n , 1 9 2 7 ) . a. Hemocoelic Infections. In 1 8 8 9 , G i a r d a n d Billet described an infection of a m p h i p o d s , Talitrus, Orchestia, Ligia, a n d others, caused by a l u m i nescent bacterium they n a m e d " B a c t e r i u m g i a r d i .

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