By Prof. Eric Holtzman (auth.)
This short monograph is meant mainly for non-specialists and for others attracted to a concise advent to the sector. The literature on lysosomes is starting to be so quickly that any attempt at exhaustive comprehensiveness will be foredoomed to failure. thankfully, an in depth sequence of stories has been released some time past few years (see particularly DINGLE and FELL 1969; DINGLE 1972, 1973 a; HERS and VAN HoOF 1973) and the "history" of the organelles is short sufficient that significant individuals to all levels of that heritage are nonetheless on hand to supply first-hand discussions (e. g. , DE DUVE and WATTIAUX 1966; DE DUVE 1969; NOVIKOFF 1971, 1973; see additionally VAN FURTH for paintings on phago cytes and DE REUCK and CAMERON 1963 for priceless experiences of early work). long island, N. Y. , September 1975 E. HOLTZMAN Contents I. basic issues and heritage 1. 1. views 1 1. 2. Definitions . 2 1. 2. 1. common sensible different types 2 1. 2. 2. define of Lysosome Functioning in Phagocytes three 1. 2. three. extra phrases: Heterophagy and Autophagy four 1. three. Characterization of Lysosomes . . . . . . . . . . four 1. three. 1. easy Biochemical features of Lysosomes five 1. three. 1. 1. Key good points of Lysosomes eight 1. three. 1. 2. The Lysosomal Enzymes . eight 1. three. 1. three. Digestion in Lysosomes eleven 1. three. 104. Lysosomal "Permeability" thirteen 1. three. 2. a few Cytochemical and Morphological features 15 1. three. 2. 1. Cytochemical equipment . . . . . . . . . . sixteen 1. three. 2. 2. Cytochemical reports of Exogenous Tracers .
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Thus, specific granules appear to form at the surface of the Golgi apparatus opposite to the one involved in formation of azurophilic granules. (From BAINTON, D. , and M. G. FARQUHAR, 1966: J. Cell BioI. ) Cell Biolo gy Monographs, Vol. 3 34 Lysosome Formation, Functioning and Fate for secretion to extracellular spaces. Granule enzymes also are demonstrable cytochemically in sacs of the Golgi apparatus and one can readily observe configurations indicating that the membrane-delimited granules arise by separation of dilated "buds" from these sacs.
CHAPMANANDRESEN and LAG UN OFF 1966, HAUSMANN and STOCKEM, ROSENBAUM and WITTNER 1962). , LEE 1970, LLOYD et al. 1971, MULLER et al. 1966, 1971, ROTHSCHILD 1966). 5 and whose other organelles also have quite atypical properties). Heterophagy 29 Few details are well established for unicellular organisms about the mechanisms through which hydrolases are packaged and those by which enzymes and endocytosed nutrients are brought together. By both light and electron microscopy it is common to find numerous smaller bodies in the vicinity of newly formed food vacuoles-swarms of small structures stainable with neutral red are sometimes observed (KITCHING 1956) and microscopic evidence suggests that these bodies can fuse with the food vacuoles.
1968 b, HIRSCH and FEDORKO 1970, NICHOLS and BAINTON 1973, NICHOLS et al. 1971, VAN FURTH et al. 1970). However peroxidase activity is detectable cytochemically in the ER and Golgi apparatus of resident peritoneal macrophages in guinea pig (COTRAN and LITT 1970, DAEMS and BREDEROO 1973) and of rat liver Kupffer cells (FAHIMI 1970, WIDMANN et al. 1972) although normally there is not much activity found in the lysosomes of these cells. (It should be borne in mind that unlike the granulocytes of blood, most cell types seem not to have peroxidases in their lysosomes though non-enzymatic peroxidatic activities are often seen by cytochemistry.