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Additional info for Linguistics in Philosophy
Example text
True, the philosopher might find some in dications in simply reflecting upon "what can be said" and "what cannot be said," but, as appears from concrete ex amples, this method can be as misleading as helpful. Only in the light of a grammatical theory will the pieces fall into a coherent pattern. In a word, the facts of language do not always lie open to plain view; sometimes they are quite hidden from us. 39 Locke, Hume, and their successors were native speakers of English, yet they never realized that persons or objects cannot be caused, while events, processes, and states of affairs can be, obviously because they did not notice the fact that the verb object of to cause normally has to be a nominalized sentence.
Yet, this empirical task is a peculiar one. The observer has to be selective in what he takes into consideration. Not all features of the players' behavior will be relevant, nor even everything they do on the board. For one thing, they may make illegitimate moves. But then these will be obj ected to and corrected. " and so forth. In other words he will appeal not only to what they do, but also to what they know about the game. Accordingly, his results will not be mere empirical generalizations about what certain people do in certain circumstances, but they will codify what chess players regard as permissible moves in the game.
34J SINGULAR TERMS ' to denote a string of words of a certain type or its equivalent in logical notation. This procedure, however, is not in tended to prejudice the issue. We shall be led, in fact, by the natural course of our investigations, to a view somewhat different from the first alternative. The word term belongs to the logician's and not to the linguist's vocabulary. Although the use of term is not quite uniform, most logicians would agree with the follow ing approximation. The result of the logical analysis of a proposition consists of the logical form and of the terms that fit into this form.