By Gordon Martel
Bismarckian Germany / Geoff Eley -- Wilhelmine Germany / James Retallack -- undefined, empire and the 1st international battle / Holger H. Herwig -- tradition and politics within the Weimar Republic / Larry Eugene Jones -- the character of German liberalism / Dieter Langewiesche -- the increase of nationwide Socialism 1919-1933 / Jane Caplan -- ladies in sleek Germany / Eve Rosenhaft -- Nazism and social revolution / Thomas Saunders -- Hitler and the arriving of the battle / David E. Kaiser -- the 'Final resolution' / Richard D. Breitman -- the industrial size in German background / Frank B. Tipton -- German historical past : previous, current and destiny / Richard J. Evans
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6. , p. 1. Blessing, Staat und Kirche in der Gesellschaft. Institutionelle Autorität und mentaler Wandel in Bayern während des 19. Jahrhunderts (Göttingen, 1982). For an excellent companion study of Bavarian politics in the Bismarckian years, see Karl Möckl, Die Prinzregentenzeit. Gesellschaft und Politik während der A ra des Prinzregenten Luitpold in Bayern (Munich and Vienna, 1982). 56 There is some discussion of the literature on social democracy and the labor movement in James Retallack’s chapter in this volume.
After 1868, the Bürgerabend lost its practical plebiscitary function. The politicization of rural Catholicism joined with the resentment at the costs of reform to push liberalism onto the defensive, and the more ambitious reforming plans were abandoned with resignation, from the general attempt to free capital resources to more particular projects like the idea of a theater reform. GERMAN HISTORY AGAINST THE GRAIN Thus if we read German history in the unification years against the grain—if we remember why unification had originally been forced onto the agenda of a political process that until 1867 was still ‘pre-German’, and what the meanings of the call for a united Germany actually were at this time (that is, liberal and radical rather than conservative); if we look at what was actually done in the unification settlement (in the shape of the constitution and the socioeconomic, administrative and cultural legislation of the early to middle 1870s) and at the social forces that were actually driving the policy-making process; and if we focus 26 Modern Germany Reconsidered on how the politics of unification (which meant, for example, both the progressive economic legislation and the Kulturkampf) were made in the localities on the ground—then the character of the Bismarckian period begins to appear in a somewhat different light.
50 The original center of 1840s liberalism in Konstanz was—characteristically, from what we know of such clubs elsewhere—the Bürgermuseum, the local elite social club. After 1850 liberal ranks were depleted by emigration and general depoliticization of the town’s associational life, so that the Bürgermuseum drastically changed its character. When liberalism revived after 1860, it was natural for the reemerging leaders to seek an alternative rallying-point: hence the so-called Freitagskreis. 32 Modern Germany Reconsidered 51 A start in this direction may be found in Blackbourn and Eley, Peculiarities.