By Rahul Sarpeshkar
''This booklet presents, for the 1st time, a wide and deep remedy of the fields of either extremely low energy electronics and bioelectronics. It discusses basic rules and circuits for extremely low strength digital layout and their functions in biomedical structures. It additionally discusses how extremely power effective mobile and neural structures in biology can motivate progressive low energy architectures in Read more...
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Additional info for Ultra low power bioelectronics : fundamentals, biomedical applications, and bio-inspired systems
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Sarpeshkar, C. D. Salthouse, J. J. Sit, M. W. Baker, S. M. Zhak, T. K. T. Lu, L. Turicchia and S. Balster. An ultra-low-power programmable analog bionic ear processor. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 52 (2005), 711–727. [2] A. T. Avestruz, W. Santa, D. Carlson, R. Jensen, S. Stanslaski, A. Helfenstine and T. Denison. A 5 mW/channel Spectral Analysis IC for Chronic Bidirectional Brain-Machine Interfaces. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 43 (2008), 3006–3024. [3] R. Sarpeshkar. Analog versus digital: extrapolating from electronics to neurobiology.
The middle ear is an impedance-matching transformer that matches the impedance of the antenna to the impedance of the inner ear or cochlea. The piezoelectric outer hair cells in the cochlea function like amplifiers that enhance the passive resonant gain of its membrane-and-fluid transmission-line structure. The inner hair cells in the cochlea function like rectifying demodulators that detect modulations of the carrier sound waves propagating through the cochlea. Finally, the auditory-nerve output spikes or pulses sample and partially quantize the inner-hair-cell cochlear output for eventual communication to the brain.
Our ability to continually gaze at moving objects is made precise via eye-movement pursuit and tracking feedback circuits. , visual feedback for locomotion and auditory feedback for speech production. The brain is a massive feedback circuit with extensive excitatory and inhibitory connections amongst its cells, termed neurons. There are significantly more feedback connections formed by the cells of the brain among themselves than feedforward connections received from the inputs to the brain. The pulsatile signal variables of neurons, known as spikes, are created by transient positive-feedback action in sodium conductances in neurons much as in a relaxation oscillator in electrical circuits.