By R. Lipowsky, E. Sackmann
The 1st quantity of the instruction manual bargains with the fantastic global of biomembranes and lipid bilayers. half A describes all points concerning the morphology of those membranes, starting with the advanced structure of biomembranes, keeps with an outline of the weird morphology of lipid bilayers and concludes with technological functions of those membranes. the 1st chapters take care of biomembranes, supplying an advent to the membranes of eucaryotes and an outline of the evolution of membranes. the subsequent chapters are all in favour of varied points of lipids together with the actual houses of version membranes composed of lipid-protein combinations, lateral
phase separation of lipids and proteins and size of lipid-protein bilayer diffusion. different chapters take care of the flexibleness of fluid bilayers, the closure of bilayers into vesicles which reach a wide number of varied shapes, and purposes of lipid vesicles and liposomes.
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Additional resources for Structure and Dynamics of Membranes. From Cells to Vesicles
Example text
As illustrated in fig. 16, a trick similar to that in the translocation of integral and secretory proteins through the ER membrane is used (cf. reference [1], chapter 18 for details). The first step is the unfolding of the enzymatic moiety of the protein. This process is mediated by a class of proteins called chaperons and requires ATP. So-called heat shock proteins, which bind to thermally denaturated proteins and prevent their precipitation in cells, also belong to this class. The signal sequence of the unfolded protein is recognized and bound by a membrane-bound receptor.
Newly synthesized membrane and secretory proteins are transported in a sequential manner from the ER over the cis- and medium-fraction to the trans-fraction of the Golgi complex. From this final stage of the sorting and conditioning machinery, the vesicle mediated transport branches into two major routes: (1) the two pathways of (hormone-induced and non-stimulated) exocytosis (left side) and the bidirectional flow between the trans-Golgi and the plasma membrane (right side) which is essentially coupled by the lysosome-endosome vesicular system.
The lipid composition of plasma membranes of mammalian cells is remarkably similar (column 1 and 2 of table 2). This holds in particular for the high content of colesterol which amounts roughly to 20 weight % (or 50 mole %) of the total lipid. The cholesterol content of the inner compartments is considerably lower, with the exception of lysosomes. - The differences in lipid composition of plasma membranes and the inner organelles is small but quite remarkable and characteristic. Most remarkable are: (1) the astonishingly low cholesterol content in the endoplasmatic reticulum (10%) and Golgi membranes (8%) but also in the inner and the outer membrane of mitochondria « 5%); (2) the similarity in cholesterol content of lysosomes and the plasma membrane; (3) the low content of sphingomyolin in the nuclear membrane (3%) and the ER (ca.