By Cooper-Knock, Johnathan; Hunter, Zoe; Tate, Matthew; Wood, Elizabeth
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Extra info for Neurology and Clinical Neuroanatomy on the Move
Sample text
Causes of tics include: •• genetics: −− simple tics; −− complex tics (Gilles de la Tourette syndrome). MYOCLONUS •• Myoclonic jerks are sudden and brief involuntary contractions of a muscle group, resulting in limb jerking. •• Myoclonus results from lesions affecting the cortex, subcortex and spinal cord. •• Causes of myoclonus include: multiple sclerosis; Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease; epilepsy (juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, other childhood epilepsies); Alzheimer’s disease; subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE; a long-term complication of measles infection).
Structural causes of dysphagia affecting the pharynx typically impair swallowing of liquids: −− pharyngeal pouch; −− neoplasm. 3 Types of dysarthria FEATURES Spastic PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CAUSES Slurred, forced and • Bilateral UMN effortful speech; weakness slow tongue • Damage to movements with a pyramidal tract brisk jaw jerk Extrapyramidal Rapid monotonous • Bilateral or (not really speech without unilateral damage dysarthria) rhythm, sentences to the LMN Cerebellar start and stop abruptly • Basal ganglia dysfunction Slurred speech with an irregular rhythm • Damage to the cerebellum • Pseudobulbar palsy • Motor neuron disease • Parkinsonism • Parkinson’s disease • Huntington’s disease • Alcohol intoxication • Demyelination • Phenytoin toxicity • Cerebellum stroke LMN, lower motor neuron; UMN, upper motor neuron.
ATHETOSIS •• Slow and repetitive involuntary writhing movements that can affect any part of the body, but most commonly the fingers, toes and face. •• Athetosis is a dystonic movement, and there is usually a postural disturbance. •• Most commonly, athetosis is associated with cerebral palsy. TIC •• Tics are brief, repetitive stereotyped movements often preceded by a •• •• •• sensation of having to do it (like a sneeze). Attempts to voluntarily suppress tics often make them worse. They may be distractible.