By Josephine M. Guy
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Sample text
More simply we might ask: what criteria is Lodge using to define rhetoric as successful? At this point there is once again more than a suspicion that the term 'successful rhetoric' is a way of defining those views which map on to Lodge's own values; and that unsuccessful rhetoric refers to views which Lodge disagrees with. To put matters bluntly, it is ideology which is silently providing the criteria for judgement about rhetoric. This suspicion is reinforced towards the end of the essay, when Lodge elaborates another rhetorical strategy which the novel employs: that of the fairy-tale.
Nevertheless there are anomalies in his work, and these apply equally to his successors: in other words, they apply to the principles underlying the Marxist paradigm which Williams was instrumental in helping to establish and popularise. The first anomaly concerns Williams's assumption that 'facts' (about industrialisation or whatever) are simply self-evident, and that they exist independently of the values, prejudices or politics of the individuals who identify them. The second is the contradiction between his assertion that a 'structure of feeling' is 'determining' and his subsequent criticism of novelists who fail to resist it.
At this point the limitations of Lodge's emphasis on language become apparent. In his account of the novel, Dickens's persuasiveness - his rhetoric - is completely unrelated to an understanding of the novel's reference, of actual events; so Lodge paradoxically argues that Dickens can be 'wrong' about Utilitarianism but still persuade us of the rightness of his criticism of it. The shortcoming of this argument is that it obscures the fact that the values which allow us to make such a distinction must themselves be nonrhetorical.