By Nils J. Nilsson

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They rejected the idea of trying to identify internal mental states such as beliefs, intentions, desires, and goals. 9: B. F. Skinner. (Photograph courtesy of the B. F. ) 39 Copyright c 2010 Nils J. edu/∼nilsson/ All rights reserved. Please do not reproduce or cite this version. September 13, 2009. Print version published by Cambridge University Press. org/us/0521122937 2 Clues This development might at first be regarded as a step backward for people wanting to get useful clues about the internal workings of the brain.

September 13, 2009. Print version published by Cambridge University Press. 2 From Life Itself or away from a light mounted on a sister machine. ” Machina speculatrix was the beginning of a long line of increasingly sophisticated “behaving machines” developed by subsequent researchers. 11: Grey Walter (top left), his Machina speculatrix (top right), and its circuit diagram (bottom). (Grey Walter photograph from Hans Moravec, ROBOT, Chapter 2: Caution! , p. 18, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998; “Turtle” photograph courtesy of National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution; the circuit diagram is from W.

September 13, 2009. Print version published by Cambridge University Press. ” They don’t reveal any entities internal to propositions. For example, if we expressed the proposition “Jack is human” by p, and “Jack is mortal” by q, there is nothing in p or q to indicate that the Jack who is human is the very same Jack who is mortal. For that, we need, so to speak, “molecular expressions” that have internal elements. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, the German mathematician, logician, and philosopher Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (1848–1925) invented a system in which propositions, along with their internal components, could be written down in a kind of graphical form.

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