By John N. Maina
In biology, few organs have so eluded knowing because the lung-air sac approach of birds. enormous development lately has been made in filling the gaps in wisdom, although. whereas summarizing and construction on previous observations and ideas, this e-book presents state of the art information at the improvement, constitution, functionality, and evolutionary layout of the avian breathing approach. Outlining the mechanisms and rules wherein organic complexity and sensible novelty were crafted in a different gasoline exchanger, this account will impress additional inquiries at the many still-unanswered questions. the explicit target of the e-book is to focus on the individuality of the layout of the avian respiration approach and the criteria that ended in its development.
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Additional info for The Lung-Air Sac System of Birds: Development, Structure, and Function
Example text
15. A A developing parabronchus showing a lumen (asterisk) surrounded by atrial muscles (AM). Arrows Communication between the atria and infundibulae with the parabronchial lumen; arrowheads, atria. Day 15. B Parabronchial lumen (asterisk) surrounded by atrial muscles (AM). Arrow Connection between an atrium and parabronchial lumen; stars sites where atrial muscles interconnect. At Atria; arrowheads putative type II (granular) pneumocytes. Day 17. C Exchange tissue of a parabronchus showing the parabronchial lumen (asterisk) and forming atria (arrows) leading into the infundibulae (If).
4 Pulmonary Vasculature 35 racic ASs (CaTASs) appear. The ClASs and the CeASs arise from the cranial edge of the lung, the CrTASs and the CaTASs from the ventral aspect, and the AASs from the caudal edge. Sites where the ASs connect to the PB, SB and PR are called ostia (Chap. 2). Arising from the terminal end of the developing IPPB (Figs. 7 and 8), the AASs pierce the horizontal septum and extend into the coelomic cavity where they interface with the surrounding visceral structures and in some species radiate to pneumatize adjacent bones.
In the domestic fowl, among the entire ASs, from day 16, the AASs are the largest. At hatching, except for the ClASs, the other ASs are paired. 4 Pulmonary Vasculature During embryogenesis, the cardiovascular system is the first to appear. g. Ruberte et al. 2003). Each vascular bend is specialized to meet the specific functional requirements of the organ that it supplies blood to. This makes the vascular system the single most structurally diverse organ system in the body. The morphogenesis of the pulmonary circulatory system, one of the many functionally distinct vascular beds formed during development, has been studied over a long period of time.