By Bengt Furåker (auth.)
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Jobs are simply dependent on a profitability criterion and will have difficulties in surviving- at least not in the long run - if not supposed to be helpful in the process of generating profits. Thus, if a capitalist firm does not make profit or, rather, enough profit compared to competitors or according to expectations, it will be restructured, moved to another country, or closed down; it does not matter how important the goods and services may be. Naturally, if certain goods or services are strongly demanded by many, it is also rather likely that the firms producing them make profits.
Marx's labor theory of value rests on the assumption that only workers produce value and that they produce more than needed to reproduce the workforce at any given standard of living (that in advanced capitalism by far exceeds the mere means of subsistence). Due to their ownership and control of the means of production, capitalists are able to appropriate the surplus that workers create. One problem with this theory 30 Sociological Perspectives on Labor Markets is its assumption that only labor produces value; this statement is either simply normative or just a postulation about working life.
Dealing with Marxist theory, we run into the idea of a tension between the forces and the relations of production. In a frequently quoted para- Some Concepts with Which to Start 31 graph, Marx (1971: 21) asserts that 'at a certain stage of their development, the material productive forces of society come into conflict with the existing relations of production', as the latter from having been 'forms of development of the productive forces' have turned into 'fetters'. There may be a point in this, but we cannot take it as a general law for economic development; it implies too much of unsustainable functionalist thinking.