By H. P. Koepchen (auth.), Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. Hermann Haken, Professor Dr. Hans Peter Koepchen (eds.)
Rhythms are a easy phenomenon in all physiological structures. They conceal an important diversity of frequencies with classes from the order of milliseconds as much as a few years. they're defined by means of many disciplines and are investigated frequently within the context of the body structure of the respective functionality or organ. the significance given to the examine on rhythmicity is kind of varied in several structures. at times the place the sensible importance is clear rhythms are on the heart of curiosity, as on the subject of breathing or locomotion. In different fields they're thought of roughly as attention-grabbing epiphenomena or at top as symptoms with out crucial practical importance, as relating to cardiovascular or EEG rhythms. lately the examine of physiological rhythms has attracted turning out to be curiosity in numerous fields, specifically with admire to rhythm examine in people and its quickly spreading functions in easy behavioral examine, and as a diagnostic device in medical drugs. This improvement was once favorite through methodological and conceptual advert vances: at the one hand, the provision of non-invasive equipment of continu ous recording of physiological parameters and their computer-assisted review, and at the different, the swift improvement of theoretical analyses, for instance, the knowledge of dynamic platforms, the new release of coordinated macroscopic seasoned cesses in platforms comprising many unmarried components, and the mathematical instruments for treating nonlinear oscillators and their mutual coupling.
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Extra info for Rhythms in Physiological Systems: Proceedings of the International Symposium at Schloß Elmau, Bavaria, October 22–25, 1990
Example text
GT' CI • 0:1 • Cz • 0:1 • T""I) • (Rn +L . 1"'),1 0:1 • 0:1 + Cz • 0:1 + gT . M; s;, Pi' Mi denote substrates, products and modifiers, respectively; ~, gT are the affinity coefficients for the two possible states of enzyme configuration. It has been shown for PFK isolated from vascular smooth imd cardiac muscle of the dog that the enzyme exists as a tetramer. Furthermore, a distinction between the nUmbCr n of functional subunits converting substrates to products and the number m of subunits with identical binding sites for effectors seems to be reasonable, since it is known from X-ray diffraction studies on a bacterial PFK that two protomers are necessary to bind one molecule of substrate, while on the other hand each of the four subunits seems to be able to bind the effectors [9].
In all these processes literally billions of individual cells participate in a highly regulated fashion. In the past, a number of trends in physiology based on specific schools of thought developed in order to cope wi th these phenomena. One school is certainly related to teleology, another one is strongly based on cybernetics. Cybernetics deals with regulation or steering by means of a steering center. But in any biological system the question of what steers the steering center immediately arises.
These steps will now be referred to so that the underlying questions and answers are ever present. The flow chart should be read from bottom to top rather than the other way around. Based upon the findings from the single cell element, conclusions may be drawn about the properties of the whole structure of "vascular smooth muscle" and its organization. Topics of discussion are the molecular origins and the functional consequences of rhythmogenesis in smooth muscle, particularly that in the blood vessels.