By C. Archer, J. Ralphs
Regenerative drugs for the fix of connective tissues is a quick relocating box which generates loads of curiosity. The biomaterials and biomechanics for tender tissue fix has been under-represented some time past, rather the natural connection among cartilage, tendons, and ligaments is frequently now not made. This booklet addresses the distance by way of exploring the usual organization of cartilage, tendons, and ligaments to supply a assessment of the several buildings, biomechanics and, extra importantly, offer a dialogue of useful concepts and biomaterials that are being used to fix connective tissues.
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Additional resources for Regenerative Medicine and Biomaterials for the Repair of Connective Tissues
Sample text
2009; Koelling et al. 2009). 1), originally described by Kouri et al. (1996) in OA cartilage. Clonogenic cells were isolated after they migrated out from the cartilage explants onto the plastic. Amazingly, these cells also were able to migrate into the deeper zones of the OA cartilage explant from the surface in tissue culture, as tracked by GFP marker gene. Morphologically similar cells were identified migrating through breaks in the tidemark of OA cartilage by electron microscopic studies. These cells expressed transcription factors Sox9 and runx2, differentiated into osteoblasts and adipocytes, and their chondrogenic potential was enhanced after downregulation of runx2, suggesting that they are derived from the osteoprogenitor lineage (Koelling et al.
In OA, critical loss of fluid pressurization mechanism of load support takes place. Tendons, with densely packed collagen fibers, show typically very high tensile modulus (>1 GPa) and strength (>100 MPa). Tendons are highly elastic with minor viscoelastic effects and their nonlinear tensile behavior is related to gradual alignment and stretching of the fibers (Ker 2007). Ligaments, owing to lower collagen content and highly woven collagen structure, are less stiff and strong than tendons. Articular cartilage exhibits significant compression±tension nonlinearity.
Articular cartilage exhibits significant compression±tension nonlinearity. Compressive equilibrium modulus of healthy cartilage in unconfined compression is ~1 MPa; however, under highly dynamic loads hydraulic stiffening produces a modulus that is much higher, and comparable to that of tensile modulus (5±25 MPa, Setton et al. 1999b). , depth-dependent increase of PG content, the compressive modulus and permeability increase and decrease, respectively, along cartilage depth (Schinagl et al. 1997; Boschetti et al.