By Jonathan Baron
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Extra resources for Rationality and Intelligence
Sample text
If there are some tests in the battery that are untimed, their scores might not correlate at all with the others, so there will be two factors, one for the time-limited tests and one for the untimed tests. As a result of this fact, the enterprise carried on by factor analysts is a kind of bootstrapping operation. One tries to find simultaneously a set of tests, a set of constraints on the analysis, and a resulting set of factors that together will make sense. The most ambitious effort of this sort is that of Guilford (1967, 1982), who devised a kind of periodic table of tasks, which allowed him to propose kinds of tasks not yet included in batteries examined by others.
Each chemical factory is known to have its own "signature" expressed as a certain mixture of chemicals, and each is known to vary somewhat independently of the others in rate of dumping. For each sample, we measure the various illegal chemicals in the river, of which there are a great many. We correlate the amount of each chemical with the amount of every other chemical in each sample. In this case, assuming no other influences, the number of separate factors will correspond exactly to the number of factories dumping illegally.
I do not disagree with this kind of theorizing, and it is by no means irrelevant to my present goals, for it may be appropriate to try to teach such rules of inference explicitly as a way of increasing intelligence. In chapter 3, I shall make some suggestions about how such rules of inference are used in thinking. However, I feel that the Piagetian approach is less fruitful than the one I have adopted, largely because the acquisition of rules of inference may be affected by the quality of thinking and its application to learning.