By L. Phi-Van, W. H. Strätling (auth.), Prof. Dr. Philippe Jeanteur, Dr. Yoshiyuki Kuchino, Prof. Dr. Werner E. G. Müller, Prof. Dr. Philip L. Paine (eds.)
Biological features are nearly solely attributed to macromolecules, i.e. nucleic acids, proteins and polysaccharides. to achieve their whole practical actions those biomolecules need to go along with the nuclear matrix, the cytoskeleton and the cell/plasma membranes. it's the objective of this sequence to debate real features within the box of structure-associated genetic and epigenetic useful strategies. This sequence of survey experiences fills the distance in structure-associated details circulate, and is an important reference paintings for scientists in molecular and mobilephone biology.
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Using the electron microscopic method of Feldherr et al. (1984) for visualizing transport through individual nuclear pores, they showed that the nuclear import mechanism can be dissociated into at least two steps. The first step, binding to the cytoplasmic face of the nuclear pore, involves the specific recognition of a nuclear import signal sequence. This binding step does not require ATP. Furthermore, nuclear pore binding of the signal sequence is not inhibited by prior binding ofWGA to the pore.
1982; Dreyer and Hausen 1983; Dreyer et al. ) These authors used immunolocalization with monoclonal antibodies to study the nuclear accumulation of several Xenopus oocyte nuclear proteins during embryogenesis. Although some of these proteins reenter the zygotic nuclei immediately after fertilization, there is a class of nuclear proteins (the "late-shifting antigens") that enter embryonic nuclei only at various times later in development. Proteins that behave similarly have been found in embryos of the newt Pleurodeles (Abbadie et al.
Artificial lengthening of the cell cycle by treatment with cycloheximide or aphidicolin did not result in the expected nuclear accumulation of the late-shifting antigens. Furthermore, in somatic cell cultures derived from tadpoles, there was no difference between early- and late-shifting antigens in their kinetics of nuclear accumulation. Thus the nuclear import of these proteins may be regulated more subtly. Perhaps (like the snRNP proteins, discussed in the next section) the lateshifting proteins are transported only when they complex with other molecules not synthesized until late in development; or perhaps the composition of the import machinery itself is modified during embryogenesis.