By David M. Harland
In 'Paving the way in which for Apollo eleven' David Harland explains the entice of the Moon to classical philosophers, astronomers, and geologists, and the way NASA got down to examine the Moon in training for a manned lunar touchdown venture. It focuses quite at the Lunar Orbiter and Surveyor missions.
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Extra resources for Paving the Way for Apollo 11
Example text
Although the map was little better than that by Hevelius, its historical significance was the nomenclature. g. Oceanus Procellarum and Mare Tranquillitatis. Craters were named after astronomers and philosophers, including Riccioli and Grimaldi. The despised Copernicus was assigned a crater in Oceanus Procellarum ± the Ocean of Storms. To Helvelius's frustration, soon copies of his map were in circulation relabelled with Riccioli's nomenclature! Nearly all of the 200 names introduced by Riccioli and Grimaldi are still in use today.
The Lick Observatory Atlas of the Moon by Edward Singleton Holden comprised 19 sheets of reproduced photographs. H. Pickering of the Harvard College Observatory set himself the task of photographing the lunar disk in several sections at five illumination phases. When The Moon ± A summary of existing knowledge of our satellite, with a complete photographic atlas was published in 1903 it was the first true atlas, because the pictures were reproduced at the same scale. Although Jamaica had particularly clear skies, Pickering's pictures of the Moon were still blurry and so there remained scope for visual studies, particularly in the limb regions ± but as professional astronomers turned their attention to the stars and even more distant objects, they left the Moon, which they regarded as a source of `light pollution', to their amateur brethren.
In view of the weak gravity and absence of an atmosphere, it seemed plausible that this process could have produced very large structures. Other explanations were offered for the origin of lunar craters. In 1854 the Danish astronomer Peter Andreas Hansen argued that the Moon bulged towards Earth, that its centre of gravity was displaced 50 km towards the far-side, and that this had drawn all the air and water on the surface around to the far-side, to where the inhabitants had relocated. P. Beard suggested that the Moon was once immersed in a deep ocean, that the craters were limestone structures similar to coral reefs, and they were left exposed when the water flowed to the far-side.