By Dale F. Eickelman
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Extra info for Middle East: An Anthropological Approach (Prentice-Hall series in anthropology)
Sample text
Only the more extreme of the functionalists completely ignored the data of historical change, but many chose to work in preliterate societies in which accounts of past events independent of immediate social context were unavailable or difficult to obtain. Most functionalists took historical facts into consideration when they could obtain them, but such data fitted only awkwardly into the main theoretical framework. Since functionalist theory has the built-in bias of treating societies as if they were closed systems existing at one historical moment, there was a tendency not to consider the factors that led to the "transition" of a society-from one state to another.
One was the performance of the annual mourning (tacziya) plays commemorating the martyrdom of the slaying of Husayn, the Prophet's grandson, by Sunni Muslims in the year 680. Throughout the regions in which Shici Islam predominates, such reenactments were until recently performed during the first ten days of the Muslimlunar month of Muharram, in some circumstances by professional actors and sometimes by the villagers themselves. In the village studied by Peters, the roles of the Shi-a, supporters of CAli (the Prophet's son-in-law) and descendants of the Prophet, who of course lost the battle and suffered martyrdom, were performed by the Learned Families.
159-202. This has been reprinted in Volume 2 of Louise E. , Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East (Garden City: Natural History Press, 1970), pp~ 76-123. in RuralPolitics and Social Change in the Middle East,eds. Richard Antoun and Iliya Harik (Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press; 1972). pp. 165-97. C"WW 9 [8 3645VDS I t C FIGURE 3-2 A village in southern Lebanon, 19505. (From Emrys L Peters, "Aspec~ of ~ank. and Status among Muslims in a Lebanese Village," in Mediterranean Countrymen, ed.