By S.Y. Lin, C.W. Dence
The structural complexity of lignin has constantly challenged the ingenuity of researchers to improve compatible equipment for its characterization ahead of and following a large choice of chemical, organic, and actual remedies. supplied this is an updated compilation of lignin technique. Theoretical historical past and useful approaches are mixed and - each time attainable - a process is gifted in enough element to allow the reader to accomplish the research exclusively through following the step by step description. the diversity of use of a style, its merits and obstacles are mentioned. furthermore, usual analytical facts are proven and in comparison with effects acquired from different tools. The e-book serves the necessity of researchers and different pros in academia, the pulp and paper and allied industries. it truly is relatively worthy additionally to these with out past heritage in or event with lignin or lignocellulosics.
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Extra resources for Methods in Lignin Chemistry (Springer Series in Wood Science)
Example text
1 �R S�N-C H3 1 5 . 1 4 The atom of highest priority on each stereocenter is shown along with its configuration. 0 0 H''' _ . CH3 � II 41 Solutions - for 1M Chapter 1 5 Chirality 1 5 . 1 6 Each stereocenter is labeled with an asterisk and the number of possible stereoisomers shown below the formula. CH3 p-ty H:OOi HO a-t 4 * (a) 2 * 2 (b) = � 2 - croH :fi-cco-t 4 H:rOi ccx:1-i - 2 2 = (f) (DOi ( h) 1 5 . 1 8 A racemic mixture is an equal mixture of enantiomers. It will not rotate the plane of polarized light.
An acetal contains a carbon atom bonded to two -OR groups, where R may be alkyl or aryl. 26 Following are structural formulas for the products of each hydrolysis. 28 For (a) and (c), there is only one enol form. For (b) and (d), there are two enol forms. 30 Aldehydes are oxidized by these reagent to carboxylic acids. Ketones are not oxidized under these conditions. Secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones. 32 Treat each with Tollens' reagent. Only pentanal will give a silver mirror. 34 Reduction adds one hydrogen to the carbonyl carbon and another to the carbonyl oxygen.
42 Reagents for each conversion are shown along the reaction arrows. f? (a) CsHsCCH 2 CH3 (b) H2 /M etal •