By Maurice A. Finocchiaro
Meta-arguments are arguments approximately a number of arguments, or argumentation normally. They distinction to ground-level arguments, that are approximately average phenomena, old occasions, human activities, summary entities, and so forth. even though meta-arguments are universal in all components of human cognitive perform, and even if implicit experiences of them are present in many works, and even though a number of particular scholarly contributions exist, meta-argumentation hasn't ever been tested explicitly, at once, and systematically in book-length remedy. This lacuna is principally unlucky simply because such remedy can supply not just an knowing of a distinct type of arguments, but in addition a promising method of doing good judgment and argumentation concept. this can be the 1st booklet that makes an attempt a scientific remedy of meta-arguments, supplying either an indication of the meta-argumentational method of logical concept, and an research of an extremely wealthy selection of meta-arguments. First, it elaborates an empirical method derived in part from a severe appreciation of Stephen Toulmin's applied-logic process, and in part from a singular software of the author's historical-textual technique. Then it examines theoretical meta-arguments, through such students as Tony Blair, Robert Fogelin, Alvin Goldman, Trudy Govier, David Hitchcock, Ralph Johnson, Henry Johnstone, Erik Krabbe, Frans van Eemeren, Carl Wellman, and John Woods, on such issues as defining argument, tools of feedback, deep disagreements, and conductive or pro-and-con arguments. Thirdly, it reports recognized meta-arguments via such classics as John Stuart Mill, David Hume, and Galileo Galilei, on such issues as freedom of dialogue, women's liberation, the lifestyles of God and clever layout, and the movement of the earth.
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Extra resources for Meta-Argumentation. an Approach to Logic and Argumentation Theory
Example text
Y Frías Delgado, A. (1995), «Razonamiento no monótono: Un breve panorama»: Theoría, S. , vol. X/23, 7-26. Flach, P. y Kakas, A. ) (2000), Abductive and Inductive Reasoning: Essays on their Relation and Integration, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Applied Logic Series. Gentzen, G. (1969), The Collected Papers of Gerhard Gentzen, en M. E. Szabo (ed. ), North-Holland Publishing, Amsterdam/London. 41 A G U S T Í N R AY O Hintika, J. e Hintika, M. B. (1989), The Logic of Epistemology and the Epistemology of Logic, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
11. )’ al lenguaje, e insistiendo que ‘el agua = H2O’ se sigue de ‘Verdadero(c)’, que a su vez se sigue de ‘Necesario(c)’. Tarski probó que cualquier teoría (suficientemente fuerte) en la que pueda probarse cada enunciado que resulte de reemplazar el nombre de una proposición por ‘d’ y un enunciado expresando esa proposición por ‘x’ en ‘Verdadero(d) ≡ x’ es inconsistente. 12. Para una exposición de las características formales de este tipo de lenguajes, véase Chellas, 1980. Para una exposición acerca de la importancia filosófica de este tipo de lenguajes ver Lewis, 1986.
Más aún, a pesar de que Husserl no realizó ninguna contribución específica a la lógica como ciencia, su fenomenología tuvo una gran influencia en el pensamiento lógico posterior, originando una concepción idealista de la lógica que se plasmó en los manuales de principios del siglo XX, entre los que cabe citar principalmente el de A. Pfänder, titulado Logik, de 1921 y otros textos menores. Éstos se extendieron a otras latitudes y, aunque en otros países ya se había impuesto la nueva lógica matemática, en los de habla hispana rigieron el enfoque y la 57 GLADYS PALAU enseñanza de la lógica hasta la segunda mitad del siglo XX.