By Frederick H Silver,SpringerLink (Online service)

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Extra resources for Mechanosensing and mechanochemical transduction in extracellular matrix: biological, chemical, engineering, and physiological aspects

Example text

The contacts between nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and carbonyl groups (CO2H) prevent allowed conformations in the center of this diagram. 9). The values of φ and ψ were varied using matrix multiplication, and the interatomic distances were checked for all nonbonded atoms. Pairs of φ and ψ that have allowable interatomic distances are found between sets of solid lines shown as the allowable conformations. 20 1. 3 Mineralized Versus Nonmineralized Tissues Although part of the human body is made up of cells and soft collagenous tissues, much of the musculoskeletal tissue is made up of collagen fibers that are impregnated with calcium, phosphate, hydroxyl, and carbonate groups in the form of hydroxyapatite.

The two naturally occurring forms of amino acids differ in the position of the R group with respect to the backbone. An l-amino acid has the R group on the left if viewed along the chain from the free carbonyl end to the free amino end as shown. If the R group is on the right, it is defined as the d form. The predominant form found in proteins is the l form, although some amino acids in the d form are present in proteins. present. This is important because the position of the side chain dictates how a chain can fold in three dimensions.

6). Each conformation, which is a set of dihedral angles within the backbone, can be assessed by making a computer model knowing the atomic coordinates of all atoms in the repeat unit and then translating and rotating a repeat unit through the available combinations of dihedral angles. This can be done using vector mathematics and the resulting conformational plot gives the allowable values of the backbone angles for a polymer. 8) for proteins and is modified by interactions between side chains and between polymer molecules.

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