By Jonathan Piel
September 1993 particular factor that includes the immune process. comprises 164 pages of textual content and illustrations
Read Online or Download [Magazine] Scientific American. Vol. 269. No 3 PDF
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Extra resources for [Magazine] Scientific American. Vol. 269. No 3
Example text
But a B cell and its progeny can produce a diÝerent kind of variation on the antibody molecule. It can do this by altering the so-called constant part of the heavy chain, again by rearranging genes. This second type of gene manipulation creates antibodies that go to diÝerent places in the body. These antibodies still recognize the same antigens. After binding to a microbe, these antibody types can begin the complement cascade, activate phagocytes or cause allergic reactions. Adaptive immunity also is the source of immunologic memory.
We have this memory because the body retains lymphocytes that responded in the initial infection. These cells can be rapidly reactivated when the same types of microbes enter the body, and their antibody products prevent a recurrence of the disease. ) The beneÞts of adaptive immunity are partially oÝset by two drawbacks. First, it takes more than Þve days to develop an antibody response, given that the B cells need to proliferate and differentiate before they can make antibodies. The body must rely on the innate immune system to hold infections in check during this period.
One important question is how stem cells choose between reproducing themselves and producing oÝspring committed to a particular lineage. This problem is of more than theoretical signiÞcance: if stem cells prove useful in the restoration of congenital or acquired immunodeÞciencies, methods that increase their numbers either in the test tube or in the body might improve patientsÕ chances for recovery. Stem cells are also an obvious target for gene therapy that might either replace a defective gene or endow the cellsÕ progeny with abilities to survive in a hostile environment, such as a body carrying HIV.