By Jeffrey S. Parker
"Based on years of study performed on the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Low-Energy Lunar Trajectory layout presents high-level details to venture managers and special info to project designers approximately low-energy transfers among Earth and the moon. The e-book solutions high-level questions about the supply and function of such transfers in any given month and 12 months. Low-energy lunar transfers are �Read more...
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Additional info for Low-energy lunar trajectory design
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It will be shown that a given low-energy transfer has a natural Earth departure geometry—one that does not necessarily align with a desirable Earth parking orbit. 5 deg, with a given low-energy transfer using 1-3 maneuvers and a minimal amount of fuel. Trans-Lunar Injection. The trans-lunar injection (TLI) is modeled in this book as an impulsive AV tangent to the parking orbit. This maneuver is typically performed by the launch vehicle's upper stage. 4 km2/s2, where C3 is a parameter equal to twice the target specific energy.
Direct transfers between the Earth and the Moon, including the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics' (USSR's) Luna spacecraft, the USA's Apollo spacecraft, and the most recent international missions. Only five spacecraft have flown low-energy lunar transfers, though several others have followed low-energy transfers to other destinations near the Earth. The complexity of lunar missions has gradually grown, as has the need to save money and collect a greater scientific return using less fuel. Modern flight operations, spacecraft hardware, and infrastructure have opened the door to low-energy techniques as a method to reduce costs.
Early investigations concluded that it is impossible to launch from the Earth and arrive at the Moon such that the spacecraft becomes captured without performing a maneuver [21]; however, these analyses did not include the effects of the Sun's gravity. As early as 1968, Charles Conley began using dynamical systems methods to explore the construction of a theoretical trajectory that could become temporarily captured by the Moon without performing a capture maneuver [24]. 2). A planar periodic orbit exists in each of those regions that acts as a separatrix, separating the interior of the Moon's region from the rest of the Earth-Moon region.