By Patricia A. Easton

Good judgment AND THE WORKINGS OF THE brain: THE good judgment OF principles AND FACULT Y PSYCHOLOGY IN EARLY smooth PHILOSOPHY

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Extra resources for Logic & the Workings of the Mind: The Logic of Ideas & Faculty Psychology in Early Modern Philosophy (North American Kant Society Studies in Philosophy)

Sample text

Just as in the Aristotelian framework, the question arises of how Descartes could account for the intellect's ability to grasp the essences of things, and for him the question seems all the more pressing, since he alleged that the intellect can do so independently of sensory contact. This question is a correlate to one later posed by Kant, who asked how the understanding could ever cognize objects, as regards their substance and causal connections, independently of the senses (which, by themselves, he considered inadequate for the task).

Francisco Toledo, whom Descartes would later remember from his school days, contended that an embodied intellect "cannot naturally possess clear and distinct cognition of immaterial substance" ~ Aquinas, the Coimbrans, Rubio, and Eustace said similar things. 17 Authors in this tradition developed elaborate analyses of how God and the immaterial soul can be known, given that their theory of intellection precluded clear and evident cognition of them. The doctrine of analogy is one instance of such analysis.

Kant developed a sharp distinction between empirical psychology (part of physiologia) and the transcendental philosophical investigation of the knowing faculties. " Scientific psychology, insofar as it concerned itself with the mental at all, came to be viewed as descriptive of the causal mechanisms of cognition, not of its norms. Yet the "common wisdom" that septic boundaries must be observed between epistemology and psychology on pain of psychologistic fallacy is now being challenged by some attempts to "naturalize" epistemology.

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