By Heinrich Hora (auth.), Yuri Ksander (eds.)
Most of this publication was once written earlier than October 1973. therefore the statements in regards to the strength quandary are actually dated, yet stay legitimate however. notwithstanding, the time period "energy predicament" isn't any longer the weird new idea it used to be whilst the fabric was once written; it's, relatively, a common expression for a with which we're all in simple terms too popular. the aim of this publication is to show that the technology and expertise of laser-induced nuclear fusion are a unprecedented topic, which indirectly now not but thoroughly transparent can remedy the matter of gaining a pollution-free and very inexhaustible offer of cheap power from the heavy hydrogen (deuterium) atoms present in all terrestrial waters. the idea that is especially noticeable and extremely basic: To warmth good deuterium or combos of deuterium and tritium (superheavy hydrogen) through laser pulses so quickly that regardless of the ensuing enlargement and cooling there nonetheless ensue such a lot of nuclear fusion reactions tnat the strength produced is bigger than the laser strength that needed to be utilized. Compression of the plasma via the laser radiation itself is a extra refined refinement of the method, yet one that at this time degree of laser cechnology is required for the fast recognition of a laser-fusion reactor for energy new release. this idea of compression is additionally utilized to the advance of thoroughly secure reactors with managed microexplosions of laser-compressed fissionable fabrics akin to uranium or even boron, which fission thoroughly thoroughly into nonradioactive helium atoms.
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Another question is the saturation of instabilities; 167, 168 above a certain intensity there is no further increase in the instability. Saturation is one of the major points of discussion on whether the instabilities create very high reflectivity of laser-produced plasmas l69 ,170 and 6. REFRACTIVE INDEX AND ABSORPTION 51 prevent the necessary high input of laser energy into the interior of the plasma for purposes of thermonuclear fusion or whether saturation suppresses instabilities 171 and provides good input of laser energy.
Even macroscopic effects can be demonstrated; examples of this are the increase of the electromagnetic energy density,116 known from the macroscopic theory of the nonlinear force;83 the generation of fast electrons and their interaction and heating of more dense regions; and the growth rate and saturation of parametric instabilities. 117 5. MACROSCOPIC PLASMA PHYSICS The macroscopic theory describes a plasma as a continuum with time-dependent spatially-varying functions of the density n(r,t), velocity v(r,t), temperature T(r,t), and energy exchange of the plasma.
The justification of this theory 148 was demonstrated by comparison with the quantum mechanical theory in the same way as shown previously for the theory of absorption due to Coulomb collisions. , 10' ! ,) rI Fig. 1 Absorption constant K(cm- 1 ) from Eqs. 148 6. REFRACTIVE INDEX AND ABSORPTION 43 r,----r------r-----"""T""---. 10' c: ~ i 10 17_10'. 9·10" 11;1 -I 10 t---I------I---~~'\+_-__i Fig. 13) is quite close to unity. Comparing this result with Eq. 02). The quantum mechanical absorption constants may be considered as the most probable values.