By Ernest Sosa

Ever because Plato, philosophers have confronted one significant query: what's the scope and nature of human wisdom? during this quantity the celebrated thinker Ernest Sosa collects essays in this topic written over a interval of twenty-five years. all of the significant issues of up to date epistemology are lined: the character of propositional wisdom; externalism as opposed to internalism; foundationalism as opposed to coherentism; and the matter of the criterion.

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Extra resources for Knowledge in Perspective: Selected Essays in Epistemology

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7-8. 37 WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE? It follows that we cannot require the complete causal independence of conditions C from state of affairs P. For (i) shows that P may be a cause of one of the conditions C, and (ii) shows that one of the conditions C may be a cause of P. Let us therefore supplement (D') not with the discredited I but with the following alternative conception of what it is for R to be a conclusive reason for P: R is a conclusive reason for P if and only if there is a condition C such that (i) [P]((R & C) is actual D P is actual); (ii) C is actual; (iii) Not-[P](C is actual D P is actual); and (iv) Not-[j]((R & C) is actual D P is actual).

A direct successor) of node y relative to pyramid P provided there are A and B such that (i) A stands for x on P and B stands for y on P; (ii) A and B are connected 22 HOW DO YOU KNOW? ) The set of all nodes that (directly) succeed a given node must ground that node. 2. Each node must be a proposition that is evident to S. 3. If a node n is not a proposition that is self-evident to 5 then it must have successors, it must be succeeded by further nodes that ground the proposition n. 4. Each branch of an epistemic pyramid must terminate.

25 WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE? We have considered a situation where someone lacks knowledge owing to his misuse of his cognitive equipment, either by letting it idle when it should be functioning or by busily employing it dysfunctionally. 10 It is because of this type of lack that despite his extensive experience with cable cars, Mr. Magoo does not know that his cable car will arrive safely when, unknown to him, bombs are raining all around it. Of course, even if you have less than 20-20 vision you can still know that there is an elephant in front of you when you see one there.

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