By Ethan Bier
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Become switched on) in that cell. As discussed in more detail below, the control region of a gene determines whether or not that gene will be transcribed in a given cell. The second difference between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase is that RNA polymerase only copies one of the two strands of DNA instead of both strands. The DNA strand that is copied to make RNA is called the coding strand. DNA/RNA hybrid molecules created by RNA synthesis, unlike stable double-stranded DNA, are formed only transiently.
It often is important to restrict expression of patterning genes to particular regions of the embryo or to specific tissues. When such genes are incorrectly expressed in the wrong cells, those cells behave abnormally by giving rise to inappropriate structures or by dying if they are unable to respond to conflicting genetic instructions. , Figs. 10). As mentioned above, genes come in two parts. The coding region of the gene is transcribed from DNA into RNA, which then is translated to make a protein product.
Because each bacterial clone carries only a single inserted fragment of genomic DNA in its plasmid, one must generate a collection of 10,000–100,000 different clones to ensure that every fragment of an organism’s genome is represented somewhere in that library. There are a variety of tricks for sorting through such enormous libraries of bacterial clones to find a gene of interest. In the future, this problem will be greatly simplified through the efforts of the genome project, which soon will provide the DNA sequence of all genes in libraries of flies, mice, humans, and plants.