By George Sanford
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Additional resources for Historical Dictionary of Poland (Historical Dictionaries of Europe)
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Was uncovered at Biskupin. Pre-Romanesque (10th–11th centuries) remains of Ducal palaces with round chapels have survived in Gniezno, Kraków, Giecz, and other places. The flourishing of Romanesque culture from the mid-11th to the beginning of the 13th century has left its mark in such monumental churches, with richly decorated and polychromatic interiors as at Strzelno, Czerwi´nsk, and Kraków. The Gothic style (14–15th centuries) was introduced to Poland by religious orders, notably the Cistercians.
The reasons for its subsequent decline are outlined in this introduction and in the dictionary entries. The weakening of the central power through mechanisms such as the elective monarchy and the Liberum Veto created the proverbial Polish anarchy. Aristocratic clans and their numerous gentry hangers-on ruled their bailiwicks while whittling down the royal power necessary to compete with ever stronger Muscovite and Prussian neighbors. By the end of the 18th century, this process led to the loss of state independence and a threefold partition by Russia, Prussia, and Austria until 1918.
Partitioned Poland The Poles rallied to Napoleon, fighting for him in various Legions. But he made cynical use of their enthusiasm. He sent many of them to perish on the Caribbean island of San Domingo, whose black slaves had revolted against French rule, while others later served in Spain. The only tangible benefit for the Poles was the Duchy of Warsaw, established in 1807 out of territories seized by Prussia during the partitions; even that was to be ruled by the king of Saxony. It was extended two years later with similar lands grabbed by Austria.