By Jacob Kline (Eds.)
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T h e equivalent circuit of a piezoelectric transducer is shown in Fig. 37. A high input impedance charge amplifier F i g . 3 4 . S p r i n g - m a s s a c c e l e r o m e t e r . [ F r o m B e l l & H o w e l l , Consolidated Bulletin, No. 1322. ] Electrodynamics 43 1. seal Substrate Reference - pressure chamber Fig. 35. C a p a c i t i v e a c c e l e r o m e t e r m a d e by silicon d i a p h r a g m with t h e m a s s at t h e c e n t e r . should be used for this circuit. A mass M , placed on top of a piezoelectric layer, can be used to measure the acceleration.
Implantable Pressure Transducers Miniature pressure transducers can be packaged for implanting in the body to measure blood, body fluids (such as bladder and cerebrospinal fluid), and air pressure. However, long-term stable miniature pressure transducers are still in development. 51 1. Biomedical Transducers REFLECTING SURFACE Fig. 4 3 . Effect of a c h a n g e of t h e reflecting s u r f a c e p o s i t i o n of t h e light between two adjacent transmission fibers [ F r o m R i c h a r d S. C .
53 1. Biomedical Transducers (i) (ii) F1 ow_ Flowρ ψ η pZZZ2ZZZZZ3 V////////Z\ p (iii) F1 ow - high p Ρ low Ρ high low (iv) u 1ον^ ρ r high p 1 ow high \ EZZZZZZZZZZZfcZZZZZ^ZZZZZ3 (v) (vi) \S//////////Λ///////////Λ Flow- (α) Fig. 4 5 . ( a ) D i f f e r e n t i a l - p r e s s u r e flow-sensing e l e m e n t s : (i) orifice p l a t e , (ii) V e n t u r i t u b e , (iii) p i t o t t u b e , ( i v ) c e n t r i f u g a l s e c t i o n ( e l b o w ) , ( v ) c e n t r i f u g a l s e c t i o n ( l o o p ) , a n d ( v i ) n o z z l e , (b) Mechanical-displacement flow-sensing elements: (i) float (variable a r e a ) , (ii) spring- r e s t r a i n e d p l u g ( v a r i a b l e a r e a ) , (iii) h i n g e d v a n e , a n d (iv) c a n t i l e v e r v a n e .