By HERBERT HERMAN (Eds.)

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Claytor and Brotzen (1965) observed a well-defined emission peak at 220 K after low-temperature deformation of an aluminum specimen in a Geiger-Müller counter. On the basis of correlation with resistivity changes and calorimetric energy release in the same temperature range, they associated this emission with the diffusion of point defects to the surface. The identity of the defects is not certain, but some support for the concept is provided by observations of emission from several metals after quenching EXOELECTRON EMISSION 29 (Claytor et al, 1966; Hoenig et al, 1971; Berger, 1975).

Thermally Stimulated Exoelectron Emission When insulators are heated in complete darkness, electrons may be emitted, producing so-called "emission peaks" at well-defined temperatures (Becker, 1970, 1972). For many years these electrons were considered to be released from traps in the oxide, but some of these emission peaks have now been identified with the presence of adsorbed species such as oxygen or water molecules (Krylova, 1971; Kirihata and Akutsu, 1976; Krylova and Svitov, 1976). Such peaks do not occur for clean metal surfaces (Schlenk, 1976; Krylova and Svitov, 1976), but are readily observed if the metal is coated with an oxide film and has been abraded or irradiated with electrons or x rays (Young and Williams, 1963; Scharmann and Seibert, 1965; Becherer et al, 1970; Schlenk, 1976; Krylova and Svitov, 1976).

Thus the PSEE results showed that the shot peening apparently produced a surface layer with mechanical properties quite different from those of the bulk material. The agreement between the preceding results for three different steels, with widely differing microstructures and mechanical properties, is certainly an encouraging indication of the universality of the PSEE technique for quantitatively assessing the accumulation of fatigue damage. In all cases, localized PSEE was detected early in life (about 1%) and provided a good measure of the systematic accumulation of the localized surface deformation.

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