By Jonathan M. Blackwell

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Additional resources for Environment and Development in Africa: Selected Case Studies (E D I Development Policy Case Series Analytical Case Studies) (No. 6)

Sample text

The problem is to put a price tag on them to make them comparable and commensurate with the cost of, for example, pollution control measures. 27 A weakness of cost-benefit analysis is the treatment of intangibles, yet in analysis of environmental impacts these often take the center stage. Further refinement of analytical tools and methodologies is necessary to take account of the social and environmental consequences of development as well as the purely economic effects. New Methods The development of new tools for macro planning, sectoral planning, and project appraisal is not easy.

26 The matrix approach to EIA is still useful as a means of ordering and analyzing the data. It cannot, however, be used for measurement, still less for monetary valuation. It is clear that air and water quality, soil fertility, and the spread of environmental diseases have economic values in terms of agricultural productivity, food supply, or human health. The problem is to put a price tag on them to make them comparable and commensurate with the cost of, for example, pollution control measures.

Climate, though somewhat erratic, is more reliable than in most other parts of the African continent. The Northern Region, in particular, has adequate rainfall to produce a good maize crop. Maize represents 70 percent of the value of marketed agricultural produce. Other crops include rice in increasing quantities, finger millet and cassava (mainly for consumption by the producer), sorghum, groundnuts, sunflower, cotton, tobacco, sugar cane, soya beans, as well as various vegetables. Failure to exploit this considerable resource base by increasing agricultural production has been attributed to a variety of causes: inappropriate pricing policies, deficiencies in the rural transportation infrastructure and transport fleet together with administrative and managerial shortcomings, poorly trained and/or poorly motivated extension service, lack of availability of credit, and absence of tillage power and spare parts for equipment.

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