By Reda Kamel
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Extra info for Endoscopic Anatomy of the Lateral Nasal Wall, Ostiomeatal Complex and Anterior Skull Base: A Step-by-Step Guide
Example text
From the mid 1970s in vivo studies were initiated using various neurotoxins such as 5,7-DHT and p-chloroamphetamine injected into or close to the SCN or into the DRN or MRN of hamster, mouse, and rat (Morin 1999; Mistlberger et al. 2000). These treatments did not generally eliminate circadian rhythms, but the rhythms became more irregular and had lower overall amplitude. Detailed analysis showed that the rhythms usually exhibited an advance in phase angle, which means that the locomotor activity onset (used to determine the circadian phase) usually began 30–45 min earlier compared to normal, and that the off-set of activity is delayed resulting in a prolonged activity period without an increase in the total activity.
The density of the retinal projections is roughly indicated by thickness of the arrows. The retinal projections are mainly contralateral (for clarity the ipsilateral projections are not shown). For abbreviations, see text. (From Hannibal and Fahenkrug 2004a) Fig. 8A–C Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) of the rat RHT (shown in flat mount preparation in A and C and in cross section in B). The cells express the photopigment melanopsin (green in A and B and red in C) in the membrane of soma and dendrites (arrows in C) and the neurotransmitter PACAP (red in A and green in C).
Berson DM, Dunn FA, Takao M (2002) Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 295:1070–1073. Best JD, Maywood ES, Smith KL, Hastings MH (1999) Rapid resetting of the mammalian circadian clock. J Neurosci 19:828–835. Biello SM (1995) Enhanced photic phase shifting after treatment with antiserum to neuropeptide Y. Brain Res 673:25–29. Biello SM, Golombek DA, Harrington ME (1997a) Neuropeptide Y and glutamate block each other’s phase shifts in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro.