By Joseph P. Byrne
Encyclopedia of the Black demise is the 1st A–Z encyclopedia to hide the second one plague pandemic, balancing clinical background and technical concerns with historic, cultural, social, and political elements and results in Europe and the Islamic global from 1347–1770. It additionally bookends the interval with entries on Biblical plagues and the Plague of Justinian, in addition to modern-era fabric relating to comparable issues, akin to the paintings of Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur, the 3rd Plague Pandemic of the mid-1800s, and plague within the United States.
Unlike past encyclopedic works approximately this topic that deal generally with infectious illness and its social or historic contexts, together with the author's personal, this interdisciplinary paintings synthesizes a lot of the learn at the plague and comparable scientific background released within the final decade in obtainable, compellingly written entries. debatable topic parts comparable to no matter if "plague" was once bubonic plague and the geographic resource of plague are handled in a balanced and independent demeanour
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Extra resources for Encyclopedia of the Black Death
Sample text
Nonetheless, many of its forms were widely accepted within medical communities during the Second Pandemic. Amulets or talismans were objects of various materials worn or carried on the body to ward off bad fortune, evil spirits, or plague. They were visible symbols of an invisible power and used as prophylactics by Christians, Muslims, and Jews. Despite belief in Allah’s omnipotence, Muslims accepted the use of objects made of jewels or precious metals (often in the form of rings) or inscribed with Koranic passages, prayers, or mystical words or symbols.
The Koran says nothing about medicine or doctors, but the traditions and sayings attributed to the Prophet Muhammad form a loose body of medical teachings. Each collection of Hadith contains a specific medical chapter or book called the Kitab at-Tibb. Compilers drew from the Hadith 19 20 Arabic-Persian Medicine and Practitioners themselves, as well as earlier folk traditions discussed above. The result was a “medicine” that was more a moral and ethical guide for believers than a textbook for surgical procedures or internal medicine.
High demand also meant that supplies ran low, forcing apothecaries to suggest substitutions. Given the era’s Galenic medical orthodoxy, the most common bodily response sought by physicians and apothecaries alike was purgation of tainted humors through one or more orifice. Inventories of 17th-century Norwich apothecary shops confirm that the majority of drugs were purgatives. In Europe, apothecaries were entrepreneurs who supplied institutions as well as individuals. During epidemics, plague hospitals and pest houses required drugs, as did houses of those shut in by authorities.