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Extra resources for Comprehensive Nuclear Materials, Volume 5: Material Performance and Corrosion / Waste Materials
Example text
For the case of plants treated with NMCA and injecting hydrogen, the oxidant concentration on the surface of the stainless steel is zero (due to the Pt and Rh catalyzing the reaction of any oxidant with the surplus hydrogen). The net result is that the ECP is at or very near the hydrogen redox potential, typically about –490 mV (SHE) for neutral BWR water. This low potential causes a much more thorough restructuring of the oxides to the spinel state than observed under moderate hydrogen water chemistry (HWC-M).
5 These feedwater zinc data are the basis for limits in the water chemistry guidelines. 5 ppb, which may allow flexibility in controlling radiation buildup in parts of the cycle. The tighter control of water chemistry in recent years has been successful in controlling crud formation on fuel cladding, and Figure 118 shows failures from pellet–clad interaction causing SCC, fabrication defects, debris, and crud/corrosion. Note that there have been zero crud/cladding related fuel failures in US BWRs since 2004 (although assessment of 2007 failures is not yet complete, crud/corrosion is not believed to be a factor here).
In the 1990s, concerns about the cracking of core internals increased, but the low concentrations of hydrogen used to protect out-of-core regions were not sufficient to reduce ECP enough to mitigate IGSCC of in-core materials, because of the radiolysis of water occurring in the core. 0 ppm to lower the in-core ECP sufficiently to provide protection in the reactor vessel (termed HWC-M for moderate concentrations of hydrogen). Although this approach was effective in protecting core internals, it also increased radiation fields in the steam side of the circuit, including the turbines, as a result of carryover of nitrogen-16 under reducing chemistry.