By Kim Gail Clarke
With this booklet, the writer goals to generate center skills via an figuring out of the complementary biotechnology disciplines and their interdependence. Chapters improve kinetic and mass move ideas that quantify optimal approach functionality and scale up. The textual content is vast in scope, when it comes to bioprocesses utilizing bacterial, fungal and enzymic biocatalysts, resting and energetic cells, batch, fed-batch and non-stop options and loose and immobilized configurations.
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Extra resources for Bioprocess engineering: An introductory engineering and life science approach
Example text
G. algae, which generate energy from light, contain chloroplasts which are the site of photosynthetic reactions. Some filamentous fungi form a slimy extracellular polysaccharide especially towards the end of fermentation, possibly as a carbon store when nutrients such as nitrogen and/or phosphate are insuffient to allow full use of the available carbon. 13 This is best avoided by harvesting before initiation of slime formation, as is done during production of penicillin by Penicillium chrysogenum.
Bacteria are often differentiated into two large distinct groups, Gram positive or Gram negative (according to a diagnostic test),12 depending on the constituents of their cell walls. Gram positive bateria have a relatively thick cell wall of more than 50% peptidoglycan while Gram negative bacteria have considerably less peptidoglycan (about 10%) and an additional outer lipopolysaccharide membrane. Gram positive bateria retain a crystal violet stain on decolourisation with acetone or alcohol whereas Gram negative bacteria lose the stain as the lipopolysaccharide membrane is removed by the solvent.
A high molecular mass heterogeneous organic polymer. Only the L-stereoisomers are found in living organisms. The convolution of the helices and their grouping gives rise to a spherical or ellipsoidal protein configuration coining their naming as globular proteins. Naturally most stable configuration. A nucleotide analogous to NAD+, nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), occurs in specific reactions. In this molecule, the ribose attached to the adenine is phosphorylated. NAD+ and NADP+ are sufficiently different as to not be interchangeable.