By Jerry M. Neff
Huge volumes of produced water are generated and discharged to the coastal and ocean waters world wide from offshore oil and gasoline creation amenities. there's predicament that the chemical compounds within the produced water could damage marine ecosystems. This booklet summarizes the bioavailability and marine ecotoxicology of steel and natural contaminants that could ensue in oil good produced water at concentrations considerably larger than these in ambient seawater. The contaminants of shock comprise arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, radium isotopes, zinc, monocyclic fragrant hydrocarbons, polycyclic fragrant hydrocarbons, phenols, and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.The first a part of the ebook is a close dialogue of the chemical composition of produced water from offshore oil wells around the world and its fates following discharge to the sea. the rest chapters of the e-book summarize the present medical literature at the resources and distributions within the ocean of every of the contaminants of shock and their bioaccumulation and toxicity to marine organisms.This booklet can be of price to: environmental scientists within the oil and gasoline undefined; marine toxicologists and ecological possibility assessors in academia, govt, and undefined; govt regulatory corporations keen on marine environmental protection.The publication advances the concept bioavailability review needs to be integrated in all ecological chance checks and different environmental tests of chemical contaminants in marine and freshwater ecosystems.
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Additional resources for Bioaccumulation in marine organisms: effect of contaminants from oil well produced water
Sample text
Rapid precipitation of barium, iron, and manganese has the effect of reducing the concentrations of other dissolved metals in the produced water plume. Iron and manganese oxyhydroxides, because of their small particle size and high charge densities, adsorb or coprecipitate dissolved metals (Schoer, 1985). The adsorbed or coprecipitated metals settle out of the water column with the particulate iron and manganese oxyhydroxides. Some metals may also coprecipitate with barium sulfate. For example, radium, which, like barium, is an alkaline earth element, coprecipitates quantitatively with barium (Fisher, 1995; Neff and Sauer, 1995).
The bioavailability of a metal in solution in seawater depends on the fraction of the total metal (its activity) that is in the more bioavailable aquo ion and free ionic forms. For example, copper may occur in seawater in several forms. , 1981; Zuelke and Kester, 1983). Very little free ion (Cu+2) is present in seawater (Millero, 1980). , 1999). , 1999); very little copper is present as the bioavailable, toxic species. 7 mg/L dissolved organic matter, only a few percent of the total dissolved copper would be in the readily bioavailable aquo and free ionic forms.
Some low salinity, essentially fresh produced waters are used in arid regions of Wyoming, USA, as a water source for livestock (Fucik, 1992). Other produced waters are saturated brines (about 300 %o salinity) containing high concentrations of organic acids, hydrocarbons, phenols, metals, and radionuclides. Most produced waters fall in between these extremes. The toxicity of produced waters is related to their chemical compositions, and so also varies widely from nontoxic (LCs0 > 100 percent effluent) to moderately toxic (LCs0 < 1 percent).