By Masud Chaichian, Hugo Perez Rojas, Anca Tureanu

"Basic options in Physics: From the Cosmos to Quarks" is the end result of the authors' lengthy and sundry instructing adventure in several nations and for various audiences, and provides an available and eminently readable advent to the entire major principles of contemporary physics. The book’s clean process, utilizing a unique mix of old and conceptual viewpoints, makes it perfect complementary studying to extra regular textbooks. the 1st 5 chapters are dedicated to classical physics, from planetary movement to big relativity, continually conserving in brain its relevance to questions of latest curiosity. the following six chapters deal generally with more moderen advancements in physics, from quantum concept and basic relativity to grand unified theories, and the booklet concludes by means of discussing the position of physics in residing platforms. A simple grounding in arithmetic is needed of the reader, yet technicalities are kept away from so far as attainable; hence complicated calculations are passed over as long as the fundamental principles stay transparent. The e-book is addressed to undergraduate and graduate scholars in physics and also will be preferred via many pro physicists. it's going to likewise be of curiosity to scholars, researchers and lecturers of different ordinary sciences, in addition to to engineers, high-school academics and the curious normal reader, who will come to appreciate what physics is ready and the way it describes the various phenomena of Nature. not just will readers of this booklet research a lot approximately physics, they are going to additionally learn how to love it.

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Extra resources for Basic Concepts in Physics: From the Cosmos to Quarks

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Fig. 16 Angular momentum of a satellite S that moves around the Earth E. The angular momentum is L D r p. 4 Newton’s Laws 25 S p2=p1+Δp 2 Δp 1 p1 Fig. 17 The Sun exerts a continuous force on the planet producing an increase in its linear momentum by the amount p between two successive positions 1 and 2. This vector p is directed along the radius vector joining the planet to the Sun. Fig. 18 If the air resistance is neglected, the trajectory described by a stone thrown in the way shown in the figure is approximately a parabolic arc.

When the pendulum oscillates, an enormous number of molecules of air (each of them having three degrees of freedom) collide with it. When the thread moves relative to the nail at the point of contact, it collides with a very large number of constituent particles of the nail (atoms and ions forming the lattice of the metal, and electrons). Energy dissipation in the pendulum (and in other physical systems) is related to the energy transfer from a system with very few degrees of freedom to other systems with a very large number of degrees of freedom, and the energy is in this case disordered.

Photons have spin equal to 1 and mesons have spin 0. Particles with spin 1/2 (or any half-integer) are called fermions, in honour of the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi (1901–1954), and they obey Pauli’s exclusion principle, formulated in 1925 by Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958). On the other hand, if a particle has integer spin, it is called a boson, in honour of the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose (1894–1974). Bosons do not obey the Pauli principle. The angular momentum of an isolated system of particles is also conserved if the particles exert equal and opposite forces on one another.

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