By Charles Petzold
На английском:
Before electronic desktops ever existed, Alan Turing predicted their strength and versatility...but additionally proved what desktops may possibly by no means do.
In a unprecedented and eventually tragic existence that spread out like a unique, Turing helped holiday the German Enigma code to show the tide of worldwide warfare II, later speculated on synthetic intelligence, fell sufferer to the homophobic witchhunts of the early Fifties, and dedicated suicide on the age of forty-one. but Turing is most renowned for an eerily prescient 1936 paper within which he invented an imaginary computing desktop, explored its functions and intrinsic barriers, and tested the rules of modern day programming and computability.
This soaking up ebook expands Turings now mythical 36-page paper with wide annotations, attention-grabbing historic context, and page-turning glimpses into his inner most existence. From his use of binary numbers to his exploration of strategies that todays programmers will realize as RISC processing, subroutines, algorithms, and others, Turing foresaw the longer term and helped to mildew it. In our post-Turing global, every little thing is a Turing laptop — from the main refined desktops we will construct, to the barely algorithmic procedures of the human brain, to the information-laden universe within which we are living.
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Extra info for Annotated Turing
Sample text
Just as a set can have a power set, a power set can have its own power set, and so on. All these sets have different cardinalities. Cantor speculated that the cardinality of the continuum was the next higher transfinite number after ~o, which is the transfinite number he called ~l' This speculation is called Cantor's continuum hypothesis, and it can be expressed mathematically like this: ~l = 2~o Cantor struggled to prove his hypothesis, but was never able to do so. The problem is that there could be some other transfinite number between ~o and the cardinality of the continuum.
What about the transcendentals? Can the transcendental numbers be listed in some manner? " There's not even a general procedure for determining whether a particular number is transcendental! What about the real numbers, which encompass algebraic numbers and transcendental numbers? Can the real numbers be enumerated? In that same 1874 paper where Cantor demonstrated that the algebraic numbers are enumerable, he also demonstrated that the real numbers are not enumerable. Cantor began his proof by assuming that the real numbers are enumerable.
The other cardinality is that of the real numbers and the continuum. Cantor's work was controversial in his day and has never entirely shed that controversy. Since Cantor, however, no mathematician has thought about infinity in quite the same way. Moreover, the distinction between enumerable and non-enumerable infinities has proved to be extremely useful, even if imagining just one simple type of infinity boggles the human mind. In the popular mythology, Cantor himself went mad from contemplating infinity too much.