By Brian Sutcliffe, R. Guy Woolley (auth.), Matti Hotokka, Erkki J. Brändas, Jean Maruani, Gerardo Delgado-Barrio (eds.)

Advances in Quantum equipment and functions in Chemistry, Physics, and Biology contains peer-reviewed contributions according to rigorously chosen shows given on the seventeenth overseas Workshop on Quantum structures in Chemistry, Physics, and Biology. New traits and cutting-edge advancements within the quantum concept of atomic and molecular platforms, and condensed subject (including organic platforms and nanostructures) are defined by means of lecturers of overseas distinction.

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50. 51. 52. 53. 39 Navarro L (1998) Arch Hist Exact Sci 53:147–180 Duhem P (1911) Traité d’énergétique, 2 vols. Gauthier-Villars, Paris Pelzer H, Wigner EP (1932) Z Phys Chem Abt B 15:445–471 Wigner EP (1938) Trans Faraday Soc 34:29–41 Laidler KJ, King MC (1983) J Phys Chem 87:2657–2664 Waalkens H, Schubert R, Wiggins S (2008) Nonlinearity 21:R1–R118 Earnshaw S (1842) Trans Camb Philos Soc 7:97–112 Bohr N (1922) The structure of the atom. Nobel Lecture, December 11. html Bohr N (1913) Philos Mag 26:1–25 Schwarzschild K (1916) Sitzber Preuss Akad Wiss 1:548–561 Heurlinger T (1919) Z Phys 20:188–190 Born M (1925) Vorlesungen über Atommechanik.

95. Chapter 2 A Comment on the Question of Degeneracies in Quantum Mechanics Michal Svrˇcek Abstract The problem of degeneracies, descending from the Born-Oppenheimer (B-O) approximation serves as a “comeback backdoor” of the principle of complementarity, but on a much more subtle level. Quantum mechanics incorporates both mechanical and field theory features, which results in the well-known particlewave aspects of complementarity. The degeneracy problem, however, prompts a new type of “property-object” complementary phenomena.

G. Woolley In view of our earlier discussion of the ‘big Hilbert space’ H , we can form a direct integral over all nuclear positions ⊕ Pˆj = Pˆ (b)j db X to yield a projection operator on the adiabatic subspace. If we want to include m electronic levels we can form a direct sum of the contributing {Pˆj } Pˆ = m Pˆj . j =0 ˆ have the This is an Hermitian projection operator and it, and its complement, Q, usual properties ˆ ˆ = 1, Pˆ + Q Pˆ 2 = Pˆ , ˆ Qˆ 2 = Q, ˆ = Qˆ Pˆ = 0. 42) where |ψ = Pˆ |Ψ , ˆ |χ = Q|Ψ .

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